Quantum Harmonic Oscillator

Quantum Harmonic Oscillator

Background to classical mechanics Classical mechanics is a branch of physics that studies the motion of physical bodies. Sir Isaac Newton could come up with laws to explain the behavior of matter as far as motion is concerned. Later on, the particulate nature of matter was studied as a branch of physics. A particle of …

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Voltage-Controlled Oscillator Characteristics & Applications

voltage-controlled oscillator

A voltage-controlled oscillator abbreviated as VCO is an electronic oscillator whose oscillation frequency is controlled by a voltage input. The applied input voltage determines the instantaneous oscillation frequency. Consequently, a VCO can be used for frequency modulation (FM) or phase modulation (PM) by applying a modulating signal to the control input. A VCO is also …

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Sine Wave Generator

Sine Wave Generator

A sine wave generator is a class of functional generators that produce a sinusoid-shaped waveform or signal.  The sine wave is continuous with a smooth periodic oscillation. It is one of the most simple and basic waveforms. The waveform repeats itself after every 360°. Some modern sine wave generators use digital signal processors to synthesize …

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Phototransistor Operation, Properties & Applications

phototransistor

Introduction A phototransistor is a semiconductor device that is sensitive to light to operate. It functions as an electronic switch and current amplification device; the presence of light is used to activate it. Essentially it converts light to electrical energy. Two words from the word phototransistor, that are the photo (light) and transistor (electronic switch …

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Ring Oscillator Operation & Application

Ring oscillator application

A ring oscillator is a device that generates periodic electrical signals that have a square waveform when it is powered. It’s made from semiconductor technology of digital logic gates. It’s made off the number of NOT gates that are connector in a chain manner and the last one connected to the first to make a …

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Zener Diode Applications & Ratings

Zener Diode

The diode is one of the most common components in every electronic circuitry. You already know that a diode is a semiconductor device made of positively and negatively doped parted being fitted together. The region where the p and n-type meet are referred to as a junction. Zener diode is a special type in that …

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Laser Diode Construction, Operation, and Properties

laser diode

Introduction A laser diode is a semiconductor device that generates coherent light of high intensity when the electric current is applied to it. The word LASER is actually an acronym for Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation. It converts electrical energy into a light beam. It’s like a light-emitting diode (LED) with a PN …

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Quartz Watch Construction, Merits and Limitations

quartz watch

Introduction A quartz watch is a watch that uses an electronic oscillator that is regulated by a quartz crystal to keep time. This crystal oscillator creates a signal with a very precise frequency so that quartz watches are at least an order of magnitude more accurate than mechanical watches. Quartz is a specific form of …

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Photodiode Operation, Types and Applications

Photodiode Operation, Types and Applications

DEFINITION A photodiode is a semiconductor device that converts light into an electric current. In the presence of light, the diode generates charge carriers that flow into a current from one terminal to the other. It can also be referred to as a photodetector or photosensor. OPERATION The special diode operates by the principle of …

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What is an Oscillator? Types and Function of Oscillator

What is an Oscillator Types and Function of Oscillator

Introduction You have heard of an oscillator, what you can say it is. One professor said that unless you are able to explain something to a layman to a level of understanding then you don’t know it. He believed that nothing known to man can be explained to the level of a child’s understanding. In …

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